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=== What is Linux? ===
Linux is a clone of the [[operating system]] [[UNIX]], written from scratch by [[Linus Torvalds]] with assistance from a loosely-knit team of [[hacker]]s across the [[Internet|net]]. It aims towards [[POSIX]] and Single UNIX Specification compliance.
It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and [[TCP]]/[[IP]] [[network]]ing.
Linux was first developed for 32-bit x86-based [[PC]]s (386 or higher). These days it also runs on (at least) the Compaq AlphaAXP, [[SunSPARC]] and UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC [[VAX]], AMD x86-64 and CRIS architectures.
Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the [[GNU]] [[C]] compiler ([[gcc]]).
=== Some basic commands ===
Some basic linux commands, just practice them with all the information you got below:
<table>
<tr><th colspan="3">[[Linux]]/[[Unix]] commands A-Z</th></tr>
<tr><th>''command''</th><th>''description''</th><th>''examples''</th></tr>
<tr><td>[[bc]]</td><td>binary calculator</td><td>bc</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[cat]]</td><td>concatenate files and print on standard output</td><td>cat >test , cat file1 file2 >file3</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[cd]]</td><td>change working directory</td><td>cd ~</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[chmod]]</td><td>change file access permissions</td><td>chown guest.users filename</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[chown]]</td><td>change owner and group of a file</td><td>chmod u+x filename, chmod 770 filename</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[cmp]]</td><td>compare to files</td><td>cmp file1 file2</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[cp]]</td><td>copy a file or directory</td><td>cp -d -p -R</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[date]]</td><td>show system date</td><td>date</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[df]]</td><td>show free disk space</td><td>df -h</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[diff]]</td><td>find differences between two files</td><td>diff -u file1 file2</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[du]]</td><td>show disk use of file(s) or directory</td><td>du -s</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[echo]]</td><td>display a line of text</td><td>echo "Hello world"</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[fg]]</td><td>bring a process to the foreground</td><td>fg [jobnr]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[find]]</td><td>find files on name, date, owner, permissions etc</td><td>find ./ -name *.kdelnk </td></tr>
<tr><td>[[ftp]]</td><td>File transfer protocol</td><td>ftp ftp.nluug.nl</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[grep]]</td><td>print lines matching a pattern </td><td>ls -alR |grep txt</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[head]]</td><td>show first lines of text file</td><td>head textfile</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[irc]]</td><td>Internet Relay Chat</td><td>irc -c #squat fnord irc.xs4all.nl</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[jobs]]</td><td>show running or stopped jobs</td><td>jobs</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[kill]]</td><td>kill a process</td><td>kill -9 PID</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[killall]]</td><td>kill process by name</td><td>killall -9 netscape, killall -HUP daemon</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[less]]</td><td>a better version of more </td><td>less textfile</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[ls]]</td><td>list files in directory</td><td>ls -a -l -R</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[lynx]]</td><td>A text browser</td><td>lynx http://squat.net/ascii</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[mail]]</td><td>Basic mail implementation</td><td>echo "Test" | mail -s "Test" guest</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[man]]</td><td>show manual page on command</td><td>man command</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[mkdir]]</td><td>make directory</td><td>mkdir newdir</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[more]]</td><td>view text file screen by screen</td><td>more textfile</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[mv]]</td><td>move file or directory to another place</td><td>mv file1 file2</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[ncftp]]</td><td>A better ftp client</td><td>ncftp -u username ftp.nluug.nl</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[netstat]]</td><td>Show network statistics</td><td>netstat -r</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[pico]]</td><td>edit a text file</td><td>pico filename</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[pine]]</td><td>A mail client</td><td>pine</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[ping]]</td><td>Send small package to check if a machine is up & reaction time</td><td>ping localhost</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[ps]]</td><td>show currently running processes</td><td>ps aux</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[pwd]]</td><td>print working directory</td><td>pwd</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[rm]]</td><td>remove a file or directory</td><td>rm -r -f</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[rmdir]]</td><td>remove directory</td><td>rmdir newdir</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[sort]]</td><td>sort a file</td><td>sort filename</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[ssh]]</td><td>A more secure version of telnet</td><td>ssh -l username host.domain</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[tail]]</td><td>show last lines of text file</td><td>tail -f textfile</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[telnet]]</td><td>Remote login</td><td>telnet dds.dds.nl</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[top]]</td><td>display top CPU processes</td><td>top</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[touch]]</td><td>change file timestamps</td><td>touch -t 10210000 filename</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[tr]]</td><td>translete or delete characters</td><td>echo "test" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[uniq]]</td><td>show only the diffenent lines from a text file</td><td>uniq filename</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[uptime]]</td><td>show the time the system is running (and system load)</td><td>uptime</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[vi]]</td><td>the unix text editor </td><td>vi filename</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[wc]]</td><td>count bytes, words and lines in files</td><td>wc -l filename</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[who]]</td><td>show who is logged on</td><td>who</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[whoami]]</td><td>print effective userid</td><td>whoami</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[yes]]</td><td>output a string repeatedly until killed</td><td>yes hello</td></tr>
</table>
The best way to find information on how to use a command is the man command. This command tells you a lot of specific information on a command. Try '''man man''' for a start.
=== Some handy function keys ===
<table>
<tr><th>Linux Function keys</th></tr>
<tr><td>[CTRL]-z</td><td>Bring a program to the background</td></tr>
<tr><td>[CTRL]-c</td><td>Stop a program</td></tr>
<tr><td>[CTRL]-d</td><td>End of input file</td></tr>
<tr><td>[ALT]-[F1]..[F6]</td><td>Switch to terminal TTY1..6 (depends on configuration)</td></tr>
<tr><td>[ALT]-[F7]</td><td>Switch to X (if running)</td></tr>
<tr><td>[CTRL]-[ALT]-[F1..6]</td><td>Switch from X to text terminal</td></tr>
<tr><td>[CTRL]-[ALT]-[BACKSP]</td><td>Kill X-window (in mode 5, X will restart)</td></tr>
<tr><td>[CTRL]-[ALT]-[DEL]</td><td>Reboot or halt (depends on configuration)</td></tr>
</table>
copied and extended from: [[PUSCII]] - # http://www.puscii.nl/
=== Related ===
--> [[Debian]],[[GNU]],[[::Category:Linux Distributions]],[[Linus Torvalds]],[[FSF]],[[Unix]]
|
Revision as of 16:49, 4 December 2005
What is Linux?
Linux is a clone of the operating system UNIX, written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.
It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and TCP/IP networking.
Linux was first developed for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher). These days it also runs on (at least) the Compaq AlphaAXP, SunSPARC and UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64 and CRIS architectures.
Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the GNU C compiler (gcc).
Some basic commands
Some basic linux commands, just practice them with all the information you got below:
Linux/Unix commands A-Z | ||
---|---|---|
command | description | examples |
bc | binary calculator | bc |
cat | concatenate files and print on standard output | cat >test , cat file1 file2 >file3 |
cd | change working directory | cd ~ |
chmod | change file access permissions | chown guest.users filename |
chown | change owner and group of a file | chmod u+x filename, chmod 770 filename |
cmp | compare to files | cmp file1 file2 |
cp | copy a file or directory | cp -d -p -R |
date | show system date | date |
df | show free disk space | df -h |
diff | find differences between two files | diff -u file1 file2 |
du | show disk use of file(s) or directory | du -s |
echo | display a line of text | echo "Hello world" |
fg | bring a process to the foreground | fg [jobnr] |
find | find files on name, date, owner, permissions etc | find ./ -name *.kdelnk |
ftp | File transfer protocol | ftp ftp.nluug.nl |
grep | print lines matching a pattern | ls -alR |grep txt |
head | show first lines of text file | head textfile |
irc | Internet Relay Chat | irc -c #squat fnord irc.xs4all.nl |
jobs | show running or stopped jobs | jobs |
kill | kill a process | kill -9 PID |
killall | kill process by name | killall -9 netscape, killall -HUP daemon |
less | a better version of more | less textfile |
ls | list files in directory | ls -a -l -R |
lynx | A text browser | lynx http://squat.net/ascii |
Basic mail implementation | echo "Test" | mail -s "Test" guest | |
man | show manual page on command | man command |
mkdir | make directory | mkdir newdir |
more | view text file screen by screen | more textfile |
mv | move file or directory to another place | mv file1 file2 |
ncftp | A better ftp client | ncftp -u username ftp.nluug.nl |
netstat | Show network statistics | netstat -r |
pico | edit a text file | pico filename |
pine | A mail client | pine |
ping | Send small package to check if a machine is up & reaction time | ping localhost |
ps | show currently running processes | ps aux |
pwd | print working directory | pwd |
rm | remove a file or directory | rm -r -f |
rmdir | remove directory | rmdir newdir |
sort | sort a file | sort filename |
ssh | A more secure version of telnet | ssh -l username host.domain |
tail | show last lines of text file | tail -f textfile |
telnet | Remote login | telnet dds.dds.nl |
top | display top CPU processes | top |
touch | change file timestamps | touch -t 10210000 filename |
tr | translete or delete characters | echo "test" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] |
uniq | show only the diffenent lines from a text file | uniq filename |
uptime | show the time the system is running (and system load) | uptime |
vi | the unix text editor | vi filename |
wc | count bytes, words and lines in files | wc -l filename |
who | show who is logged on | who |
whoami | print effective userid | whoami |
yes | output a string repeatedly until killed | yes hello |
The best way to find information on how to use a command is the man command. This command tells you a lot of specific information on a command. Try man man for a start.
Some handy function keys
Linux Function keys | |
---|---|
[CTRL]-z | Bring a program to the background |
[CTRL]-c | Stop a program |
[CTRL]-d | End of input file |
[ALT]-[F1]..[F6] | Switch to terminal TTY1..6 (depends on configuration) |
[ALT]-[F7] | Switch to X (if running) |
[CTRL]-[ALT]-[F1..6] | Switch from X to text terminal |
[CTRL]-[ALT]-[BACKSP] | Kill X-window (in mode 5, X will restart) |
[CTRL]-[ALT]-[DEL] | Reboot or halt (depends on configuration) |
copied and extended from: PUSCII - # http://www.puscii.nl/
Related
--> Debian,GNU,[[::Category:Linux Distributions]],Linus Torvalds,FSF,Unix