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<jargon /> |
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=== What is Linux? === |
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Linux is an [[UNIX]] compatible [[operating system]] *kernel*. |
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A kernel is but one (very important) part of an [[operating system]]. |
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This kernel was written from scratch by [[Linus Torvalds]] with assistance from a loosely-knit team of [[hacker]]s across the [[Internet|net]]. It aims towards [[POSIX]] and Single UNIX Specification compliance. |
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Combined with the [[GNU]] utilities you get [[GNU/Linux]] which is the correct term for an complete [[OS]]. |
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It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management, and [[TCP]]/[[IP]] [[network]]ing. |
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Linux was first developed for 32-bit x86-based [[PC]]s (386 or higher). These days it also runs on (at least) the Compaq AlphaAXP, [[SunSPARC]] and UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC [[VAX]], AMD x86-64 and CRIS architectures. |
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Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the [[GNU]] [[C]] compiler ([[gcc]]). |
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=== Some basic commands === |
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These [[Unix]] compatible 'commands' are not part of the Linux kernel. The are all separate programs that are used on many other [[operating systems]]. The unifying property of these commands is that they are all FreeSoftware, and most all are CopyLeft. |
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<table> |
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<tr><th colspan="3">[[GNU]]/[[Linux]]/[[Unix]] commands A-Z</th></tr> |
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<tr><th>''command''</th><th>''description''</th><th>''examples''</th></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[bc]]</td><td>binary calculator</td><td>bc</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[cat]]</td><td>concatenate files and print on standard output</td><td>cat >test , cat file1 file2 >file3</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[cd]]</td><td>change working directory</td><td>cd ~</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[chmod]]</td><td>change file access permissions</td><td>chown guest.users filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[chown]]</td><td>change owner and group of a file</td><td>chmod u+x filename, chmod 770 filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[cmp]]</td><td>compare two files byte by byte</td><td>cmp file1 file2</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[cp]]</td><td>copy a file or directory</td><td>cp -d -p -R</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[date]]</td><td>show system date</td><td>date</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[df]]</td><td>show free disk space</td><td>df -h</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[diff]]</td><td>find differences between two files</td><td>diff -u file1 file2</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[du]]</td><td>show disk use of file(s) or directory</td><td>du -s</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[echo]]</td><td>display a line of text</td><td>echo "Hello world"</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[fg]]</td><td>bring a process to the foreground</td><td>fg [jobnr]</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[find]]</td><td>find files on name, date, owner, permissions etc</td><td>find ./ -name *.kdelnk </td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ftp]]</td><td>File transfer protocol</td><td>ftp ftp.nluug.nl</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[grep]]</td><td>print lines matching a pattern </td><td>ls -alR |grep txt</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[head]]</td><td>show first lines of text file</td><td>head textfile</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[irc]]</td><td>Internet Relay Chat</td><td>irc -c #squat fnord irc.xs4all.nl</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[jobs]]</td><td>show running or stopped jobs</td><td>jobs</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[kill]]</td><td>kill a process</td><td>kill -9 PID</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[killall]]</td><td>kill process by name</td><td>killall -9 netscape, killall -HUP daemon</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[less]]</td><td>a better version of more </td><td>less textfile</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ls]]</td><td>list files in directory</td><td>ls -a -l -R</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[lynx]]</td><td>A text browser</td><td>lynx http://squat.net/ascii</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[mail]]</td><td>Basic mail implementation</td><td>echo "Test" | mail -s "Test" guest</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[man]]</td><td>show manual page on command</td><td>man command</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[mkdir]]</td><td>make directory</td><td>mkdir newdir</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[more]]</td><td>view text file screen by screen</td><td>more textfile</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[mv]]</td><td>move file or directory to another place</td><td>mv file1 file2</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ncftp]]</td><td>A better ftp client</td><td>ncftp -u username ftp.nluug.nl</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[netstat]]</td><td>Show network statistics</td><td>netstat -r</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[pico]]</td><td>edit a text file</td><td>pico filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[pine]]</td><td>A mail client</td><td>pine</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ping]]</td><td>Send small package to check if a machine is up & reaction time</td><td>ping localhost</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ps]]</td><td>show currently running processes</td><td>ps aux</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[pwd]]</td><td>print working directory</td><td>pwd</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[rm]]</td><td>remove a file or directory</td><td>rm -r -f</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[rmdir]]</td><td>remove directory</td><td>rmdir newdir</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[sort]]</td><td>sort a file</td><td>sort filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[ssh]]</td><td>A more secure version of telnet</td><td>ssh -l username host.domain</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[tail]]</td><td>show last lines of text file</td><td>tail -f textfile</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[telnet]]</td><td>Remote login</td><td>telnet dds.dds.nl</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[top]]</td><td>display top CPU processes</td><td>top</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[touch]]</td><td>change file timestamps</td><td>touch -t 10210000 filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[tr]]</td><td>translete or delete characters</td><td>echo "test" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[uniq]]</td><td>show only the diffenent lines from a text file</td><td>uniq filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[uptime]]</td><td>show the time the system is running (and system load)</td><td>uptime</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[vi]]</td><td>the unix text editor </td><td>vi filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[wc]]</td><td>count bytes, words and lines in files</td><td>wc -l filename</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[who]]</td><td>show who is logged on</td><td>who</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[whoami]]</td><td>print effective userid</td><td>whoami</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[[yes]]</td><td>output a string repeatedly until killed</td><td>yes hello</td></tr> |
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</table> |
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The best way to find information on how to use a command is the man command. This command tells you a lot of specific information on a command. Try '''man man''' for a start. |
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=== Some handy function keys === |
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<table> |
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<tr><th>Linux Function keys</th></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-z</td><td>Bring a program to the background</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-c</td><td>Stop a program</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-d</td><td>End of input file</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[ALT]-[F1]..[F6]</td><td>Switch to terminal TTY1..6 (depends on configuration)</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[ALT]-[F7]</td><td>Switch to X (if running)</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-[ALT]-[F1..6]</td><td>Switch from X to text terminal</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-[ALT]-[BACKSP]</td><td>Kill X-window (in mode 5, X will restart)</td></tr> |
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<tr><td>[CTRL]-[ALT]-[DEL]</td><td>Reboot or halt (depends on configuration)</td></tr> |
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</table> |
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copied and extended from: [[PUSCII]] - # http://www.puscii.nl/ |
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=== Related === |
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--> [[Debian]],[[GNU]],[[::Category:Linux Distributions]],[[Linus Torvalds]],[[FSF]],[[Unix]] |
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* [http://applications.linux.com/article.pl?sid=04/11/16/1555246&tid=13&tid=47 Linux CD/DVD Recording] |
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* [http://www.linux-praxis.de/download/index.html Linux Lernmaterial] |
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=== deutsch === |
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[[Linux_Study_Guides|Deutschsprachige Linux Study Guides als PDF]] |
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[[Category:Operating Systems]] |
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[[Category:Computer]] |
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[[Category:Linux]] |
Revision as of 06:15, 12 November 2007
<jargon />